Managing Information Technology Computer Networking Fundamentals

Preparing Assignments
• Please follow instructions as given
• You are encouraged to conduct peer review of the
Assignment before transition
• Especially important for students working individually
• Peer review is extensively used in scientific community
• Conduct peer review of other student’s projects and
• Organise minimum one peer review for your Assignment
• Submitted reports must be different.
• Plagiarism is not allowed.
• This approach encourage collaboration
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Preparing Assignments
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Topic Outcomes
• Understanding Computer systems operation
• Understanding of the basic computer
networking
– Topologies
– Seven Layer Structure
– LAN, WAN, MAN technologies and applications
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Computer System
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Input Processing Unit Output
Memory / Storage
Code
DATA
Computer System Control
Operating System (OS)
• Control Program (CP) controls computer system
operations
• Controls hardware
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Hardware
Operating System
Ms Office Web
browser email
Job Scheduling
• Dedicated systems: One job – One Processor
• Multitasking: Many tasks – One Processor
• Parallel processing: One job – Many Processors
• Multiprocessing: Many jobs – Many Processors
• Jobs=Process has many tasks
– Task can have many threads
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Multitasking
One Processor
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Job Queue, Job Queues
CPU = Central Processing Unit
Multiprocessing
Many Processing Units / CPUs
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Job Queues
Job Queues
Job Queues
Job Queues
Job Queues
JoJbo bQ uQeuueesu e
m
Processors n
Nawaz, M., Enscore, EE., &Ham, I., 1983, A Heuristic Algorithm
for the m-Machine, n-Job Flow-shop Sequencing Problem,
Omega, The Intl. Jl. ofMgmt. Sci. Vol. 11, No. 1, pp 91-95.
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NEH Job Scheduling
OS Algorithms / Job Scheduling
Criteria: Throughput, Latency, Fairness
Algorithms: Pre-emptive, Non-pre-emptive
• FCFS (First Come First Serve)
• SJF (Short Job First)
• Priority algorithms (0-255)
• Round Robin
• Multilevel queue scheduling
• Multilevel feedback queue scheduling
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Multilevel Queue Scheduling
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Batch processes
Non interactive processes
Interactive processes
System processes
FCFS / Priority
SJF
RR
Low Priority
HP
ri
o
ri
ty
L
CPU
Multitasking
Starvation problem possible
Multilevel Feedback Queue
Scheduling
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TQ = 2
TQ = 4
TQ = 8 Units of time
Queue with TQ=16 FCFS
HP
ri
o
ri
ty
L
CPU
Multitasking
NO Starvation problem
Time Quantum = Allocated Time
Unit of time U= 10 μs
(16+8+4+2) + (16+8+4+2) + …
Processing – Response Time
• Batch, response time is long (hours, days…)
• Interactive, response time is reasonable
(sec, min)
• Real time (strictly defined and small, flight
control, process control… sec, ms)
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Time to respond
Disk Scheduling
• FCFS
• SJF, called Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iSmYVo_vX0
• SCAN (Elevator) /0 and Max address included
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7G4I3cfjcoM
• CSCAN
• Scan in one direction only
• LOOK
• SCAN but 0 and Max not attended if not requested
• CLOOK
• CSCAN but 0 and Max not attended if not requested
http://www.cs.iit.edu/~cs561/cs450/disksched/disksched.html 16
Tall Buildings Mirrors
Path split Attention divert
Ground – 40; 41-80 level
 2009, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 17
Travelling Salesman Problem
Given a list of cities and the distances between
each, what is the shortest possible route that
visits each city exactly once and returns to the
origin city?
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Why Networking
• Resource sharing
– Data storage
• files
– Input devices
– Output devices
• Printers
• Communications
• Distributed processing…
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Network Topology
• Minimum Network
– Two computers connected Point to Point
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Other Basic Topologies
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Bus – Ethernet
Other Basic Topologies
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Star
Other Basic Topologies
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Ring
Other Basic Topologies
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Mesh
Other Basic Topologies
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Tree
Medium Access Control (MAC)
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access /
Collision Detection) Ethernet, IEEE 802.3
• Token Bus (IEEE 802.4)
• Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
• Token Passing (FDDI – Fiber Distributed Data
Interface)
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Contemporary Digital Radio
Technologies
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WAN and LANs
Contemporary Digital Radio
Technologies
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Wireless Networking Standards
• Wireless Personal Area Network
• (WPAN, IEEE 802.15)
• Wireless Local Area Network
• (WLAN, IEEE 802.11),
• Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
• (WMAN, IEEE 802.16),
• Wireless Wide Area Network
• (Wireless WAN, IEEE 802.20), or
• * Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
• (MBWA IEEE 802.20)
Network Operating Systems
(NOS)
• Unix
• Linux
• Microsoft Windows Server 2003, 2008
• Solaris (SUN Computers)
• Mac OS X
• Novel Netware
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Applications
• MS Office; Word, Access, Excel, MS Project…
• LabView; Matlab/Simulink: CAD software-Catia
• Oracle database;
• Centralised, Distributed databases
• Web applications; Client/Server applications
• Email;
• Expert systems…
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Network Layers – Generic Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer; Syntax, Data translation
Session Layer; Managing sessions
Transport Layer; End to end communication
Network Layer; Packet forwarding, Routing
Data Link Layer;
Logical Link Control (LLC),
Media Access Control (MAC), MAC Address
Physical Layer; Signals, Connectors, Channels
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TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• Suite of communication protocols used to interconnect
network devices on Internet, Intranet and Extranet
Intranet is a private network contained within an enterprise
used to securely share resources
Extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology
and the public telecommunication system to securely share
information & operations with vendors, partners, customers…
It can be viewed as part of Intranet extended to users outside
of the company.
 2012, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 33
TCP/IP Protocol Model
 2012, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 34
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FTP – File Transfer Protocol
FTP is a TCP/IP Application layer protocol used for
the transfer of files between a client and server
FTP client applications are command-line interface
(CLI) programs developed before operating systems
started using graphical user interfaces (GUI)
Still available with Windows, Unix, and Linux
 2012, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 36
Telnet
• Telnet is a application level protocol used for
the interaction with remote computers
• Running your process on a remote CPU
• Using command line interface and any
computer to start program on a remote /
powerful computer
• Remote Desktop is using telnet
 2012, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 37
Cloud Computing
• Using a network of remote servers hosted on
the Internet to store, manage, and process data,
rather than a local server or a personal
computer.
https://drive.google.com/drive/my-drive
https://www.dropbox.com/
Remote desktop
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Mobile Generations
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Mobile Generations 2G
Voice and Data
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
• Digital cellular networks
• Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
– Speed and technology advanced GSM
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Mobile Generations 3G
Multimedia
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) employs
• direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA)
channel access method and
• frequency-division duplexing (FDD) method to provide highspeed
and high-capacity service.
• High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
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Mobile Generations 4G
Mobile Broadband
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM)
• Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
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Mobile Generations 5G
Internet of Things
• Massive multiple-input and multiple-output, or
MIMO is a method for multiplying the capacity of
a radio link using multiple transmission and
receiving antennas to exploit multipath
propagation.
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Internet of Things (IoT)
• IoT is the global network that includes every
communication capable device
• Internet as it is now
• VANET (Vehicle ad hoc networking)
• Any physical device with IP protocol
• Home appliances
• Sensors, actuators
• By 2020 could be 30 billion devices on IoT
• Could IPV6 handle that ???
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Applications
• Consumer
• Smart home, Vehicles, Wearable technology…
• Commercial
• Medical, Healthcare, Transportation, Building…
• Industrial
• Manufacturing, Agriculture…
• Infrastructure
• Monitoring facilities, environment, Energy management,
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 2009, Dr Milan Simic Mechatronics Design 46
 2009, Dr Milan Simic Mechatronics Design 47
Radio Frequency Identification
RFID
• Emerging radio technology for data acquisition
• RFID tag and RFID reader
• Reading device could be directly connected to the
data processing system, or could
• Store data and upload it to the system in a batch
mode of operation
• Products, animals, even people could be tagged
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RFID
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Database
Information System
Data
0110010
01 July, 2009
 2009, Dr Milan Simic Mechatronics Design 50
Surveillance, Security,
Locating People…
[1] R. Krerngkamjornkit and M. Simic, “Multi Object Detection and Tracking from Video File,”
presented at the The 2014 International Forum on Materials Processing Technology (IFMPT
2014), Guangzhou, China, January 18‐19, 2014, 2014.
[2] R. Krerngkamjornkit and M. Simic, “Human Body Detection in Search and Rescue Operation
Conducted by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,” International Journal of Advanced Materials
Research, vol. 655‐657, p. 9, January 2013 2013.
[3] R. Krerngkamjornkit and M. Simic, “Enhancement of human body detection and tracking
algorithm based on Viola and Jones framework,” in Telecommunication in Modern Satellite,
Cable and Broadcasting Services (TELSIKS), 2013 11th International Conference on, 2013, vol.
01, pp. 115‐118.
 2012, Dr Milan Simic MANU1381 51
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 2009, Dr Milan Simic Mechatronics Design 53
Teleoperation
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[1] M. Simic and J. George, “Design of a System to Monitor and Control Solar Pond: A Review,”
Energy Procedia, vol. 110, pp. 322‐327, 2017/03/01/ 2017.
[2] M. Elbanhawai and M. Simic, “Robotics Application in Remote Data Acquisition and Control
for Solar Ponds,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 252‐255, p. 11, 2013.
[3] M. N. Simic, R. Singh, L. Doukas, and A. Akbarzadeh, “Remote Monitoring of Thermal
Performance of Salinity Gradient Solar Ponds,” in Digital System Design, Architectures,
Methods and Tools, 2009. DSD ’09. 12th Euromicro Conference on, 2009, pp. 865‐869.