Of the People
McGerr, Lewis, Oakes, Cullather, Summers, Townsend, Dunak
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Volume II
Since 1865
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Chapter 22 A Great Depression and a New Deal 1929—1940
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1936 Olympics
Chapter 22 American Portrait: Dorothea Lange
Documented the impact of the Great Depression
Strikes and soup kitchens
Rural poverty and migrant laborers
Depicted farmworkers as hardworking and capable
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The Great Depression
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Dust Storm Drought and modern agriculture churned the Great Plains into silica powder that was carried by windstorms. Over half the patients in Kansas hospitals in 1935 suffered from dust pneumonia.
Causes
New economy driven by consumerism rather than industrial production
Shaky credit, financial system
Unregulated banks that failed often
Investments were also unregulated
Reduced gov’t interference failed to address these problems
Focused on a strong dollar rather than stable employment
Worldwide economy still weak from WWI
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Descending into Depression
Banks collapsed, businesses went under, unemployment skyrocketed
Breadlines and soup kitchens
Growth of homelessness and shantytowns
Dust Bowl
Private charities failed to meet the needs of desperate citizens
Public welfare agencies were underfunded
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The Dust Bowl
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Extent of the Dust Bowl The Dust Bowl of the 1930s eve tually spread across thousands of square miles of the southern plains.
Hoover Responds
Associationalism
Fear of an overbearing government
Federal Farm Board
National Credit Corporation
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
Commitment to gold standard, balanced budget
Ordered the army out against the Bonus Marchers
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The First New Deal
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The Election of 1932
Franklin Roosevelt worked to overcome division among Democrats
Promised a New Deal for the American people
Brains Trust
Maldistribution of wealth
Endorsed experimentation
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Election of 1932
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The Presidential Election of 1932 By November 1932, most American voters blamed the Depression on Hoover and the Re- publicans. The Democrats, led by FDR, swept into office by huge electoral margins.
FDR Takes Command
National bank holiday
Emergency Banking Act
Fireside chats
Glass-Steagall Act, 1933
FDIC
Banking Act of 1935 reorganized the Federal Reserve
Securities and Exchange Act
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FDR During One of His Fireside Chats Hoover broadcast his speeches on radio, but Roosevelt’s “fireside chats” took advantage of the intimacy of the new medium.
Federal Relief
Federal Emergency Relief Administration distributed money to local and state agencies
Civil Works Administration
Civilian Conservation Corps
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The Farm Crisis
Tennessee Valley Authority
Dams controlled flooding, provided water for irrigation and cheap power
Rural electrification
Henry Wallace
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Landless workers gained little
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
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Struggles for Democracy
The Civilian Conservation Corps and a New Brand of Environmentalism
Employed young men in conservation
National forests, state parks
Created employment opportunities and promoted conservation
Created outdoor spaces for public use
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TVA Projects
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TVA Projects The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was one of the most ambitious of all New Deal projects. A network of dams provided electricity, irrigation, and flood control to many of the poorest regions of the South.
The Blue Eagle
National Industrial Recovery Act
National cartels to set trade practices, wages, hours, quotas
Guaranteed rights of collective bargaining
Public Works Administrations
Blue Eagle banner
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The Second New Deal
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WPA Mural Japanese artist Eitaro Ishigaki painted this mural showing American Revolutionary War figures in Harlem Court, New York City in 1938.
Critics Attack from All Sides
Businessmen thought it too radical
Communist Party
Populist radicals
Father Charles Coughlin, currency inflation
Francis Townsed, pensions for the elderly
Huey Long,”Share Our Wealth”
Roosevelt adopted parts of each movement
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The Second Hundred Days
Revenue Act encouraged distribution of wealth
Funded New Deal programs by progressive taxation
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Social Security for Some
Works Progress Administration
Some corruption, discrimination
Social Security Act of 1935
Funded as an insurance plan via payroll taxes
Left out agricultural laborers and domestic workers
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Labor and the New Deal
Organized labor became key part of the Democratic coalition
Wagner Act guaranteed collective bargaining, outlawed company unions, prohibited firing workers after a strike
National Labor Relations Board
Congress of Industrial Organizations
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The New Deal Coalition
Urban northern voters
Organized labor
African Americans
Women
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Crisis of the New Deal
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1936 Olympics Nazi flags draped Olympic Stadium in Berlin as the Olympic torch arrived on August 1, 1936.
Conservatives Counterattack
Supreme Court blocked New Deal legislation
Court packing plan was defeated
Supreme Court backed down from narrow constitutional interpretation
1937 Conservative Manifesto
Driven by preservation of white privilege, suspicion of central government
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America and the World
The 1936 Olympics
Nazi gov’t suspended civil liberties, eliminated political opposition, embraced nationalism
Americans debated boycotting
Germans wanted legitimacy of the Games
Germany orchestrated a propaganda campaign
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The Liberal Crisis of Confidence
Criticism of failure to balance the budget
Roosevelt cut relief expenditure
Stock market crash
“Roosevelt Recession”
Competition between budget balancers and deficit spenders
John Maynard Keynes
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